Saturday, 31 August 2013
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Smartphone Operating System
Series 60 platform is targeted at Smartphone. A device
having the size and form factor of a normal phone,
while providing, a graphics-capable color screen,
value-adding applications such as messaging tools
(e.g. e-mail, advanced calendar, and contacts book)
and the ability to install new applications is
categorized as a Smartphone .
In addition to features easily noticed by the user,
there are other types of requirements for Smartphone.
As they are embedded systems (like all mobile
phones), behavior accepted for typical personal
computers cannot be tolerated . The operating
system of the Smartphone needs to be very reliable and
stable – system crashing and rebooting are most
undesired features. It must also fit into a very small
amount of memory and use the resources sparingly. A
real-time nature with predetermined response times is
required of the parts that deal with the cellular
networks. In addition it is preferred that the entire
system provides fast response times. The overall
quality of the operating system and the software
platform of the Smartphone need to be very good, as
the cost of replacing the software with a new version is
high. A Smartphone operating system must be
robust and support design principles that allow other
software to be reliable. Robustness of the operating
system is one of the key criteria to be considered when
selecting the platform for Smartphone.
The operating system of a Smartphone is the most
critical software component as it depicts the nature of
software development and operating principles .
The most important requirements are multi-tasking
(with multi-threading), real-time operation of the
cellular software, effective power management, small
size of the operating system itself. As well as the
applications built on it, ease of developing new
functionality, reusability, modularity, connectivity (i.e.
interoperation with other devices and external data
storage), and robustness.
The operating system defines the features,
performance, security level and the active
programming interfaces API. Thus, the technical
users of mobile relay on the operating systems when
they make their purchase decision instead of relaying
of the feature of the handset only. This is because a
good operating system can operate even on modest
handsets which cannot be achieved with other
operating systems besides performing the usual tasks
of multimedia presentation and SMS which are not a
measure of the devices quality.
.jpg)
having the size and form factor of a normal phone,
while providing, a graphics-capable color screen,
value-adding applications such as messaging tools
(e.g. e-mail, advanced calendar, and contacts book)
and the ability to install new applications is
categorized as a Smartphone .
In addition to features easily noticed by the user,
there are other types of requirements for Smartphone.
As they are embedded systems (like all mobile
phones), behavior accepted for typical personal
computers cannot be tolerated . The operating
system of the Smartphone needs to be very reliable and
stable – system crashing and rebooting are most
undesired features. It must also fit into a very small
amount of memory and use the resources sparingly. A
real-time nature with predetermined response times is
required of the parts that deal with the cellular
networks. In addition it is preferred that the entire
system provides fast response times. The overall
quality of the operating system and the software
platform of the Smartphone need to be very good, as
the cost of replacing the software with a new version is
high. A Smartphone operating system must be
robust and support design principles that allow other
software to be reliable. Robustness of the operating
system is one of the key criteria to be considered when
selecting the platform for Smartphone.
The operating system of a Smartphone is the most
critical software component as it depicts the nature of
software development and operating principles .
The most important requirements are multi-tasking
(with multi-threading), real-time operation of the
cellular software, effective power management, small
size of the operating system itself. As well as the
applications built on it, ease of developing new
functionality, reusability, modularity, connectivity (i.e.
interoperation with other devices and external data
storage), and robustness.
The operating system defines the features,
performance, security level and the active
programming interfaces API. Thus, the technical
users of mobile relay on the operating systems when
they make their purchase decision instead of relaying
of the feature of the handset only. This is because a
good operating system can operate even on modest
handsets which cannot be achieved with other
operating systems besides performing the usual tasks
of multimedia presentation and SMS which are not a
measure of the devices quality.
Cloud Computing
“Comes from the early days of the Internet where we drew the network as a cloud… we didn’t care where the messages went… the cloud hid it from us” – Kevin Marks, Google
First cloud around networking (TCP/IP abstraction)
Second cloud around documents (WWW data abstraction)
The emerging cloud combines the infrastructure complexities of servers, applications, data, and heterogeneous platforms
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First cloud around networking (TCP/IP abstraction)
Second cloud around documents (WWW data abstraction)
The emerging cloud combines the infrastructure complexities of servers, applications, data, and heterogeneous platforms
About LINUX
Today Linux has joined the desktop market. Linux developers concentrated on networking and services in the
beginning, and office applications have been the last barrier to be taken down. We don't like to admit that
Microsoft is ruling this market, so plenty of alternatives have been started over the last couple of years to
make Linux an acceptable choice as a workstation, providing an easy user interface and MS compatible office
applications like word processors, spreadsheets, presentations and the like.
On the server side, Linux is well-known as a stable and reliable platform, providing database and trading
services for companies like Amazon, the well-known online bookshop, US Post Office, the German army and
many others. Especially Internet providers and Internet service providers have grown fond of Linux as
firewall, proxy- and web server, and you will find a Linux box within reach of every UNIX system
administrator who appreciates a comfortable management station. Clusters of Linux machines are used in the
creation of movies such as "Titanic", "Shrek" and others. In post offices, they are the nerve centers that route
mail and in large search engine, clusters are used to perform internet searches.These are only a few of the
thousands of heavy-duty jobs that Linux is performing day-to-day across the world.
It is also worth to note that modern Linux not only runs on workstations, mid- and high-end servers, but also
on "gadgets" like PDA's, mobiles, a shipload of embedded applications and even on experimental
wristwatches. This makes Linux the only operating system in the world covering such a wide range of
hardware.
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beginning, and office applications have been the last barrier to be taken down. We don't like to admit that
Microsoft is ruling this market, so plenty of alternatives have been started over the last couple of years to
make Linux an acceptable choice as a workstation, providing an easy user interface and MS compatible office
applications like word processors, spreadsheets, presentations and the like.
On the server side, Linux is well-known as a stable and reliable platform, providing database and trading
services for companies like Amazon, the well-known online bookshop, US Post Office, the German army and
many others. Especially Internet providers and Internet service providers have grown fond of Linux as
firewall, proxy- and web server, and you will find a Linux box within reach of every UNIX system
administrator who appreciates a comfortable management station. Clusters of Linux machines are used in the
creation of movies such as "Titanic", "Shrek" and others. In post offices, they are the nerve centers that route
mail and in large search engine, clusters are used to perform internet searches.These are only a few of the
thousands of heavy-duty jobs that Linux is performing day-to-day across the world.
It is also worth to note that modern Linux not only runs on workstations, mid- and high-end servers, but also
on "gadgets" like PDA's, mobiles, a shipload of embedded applications and even on experimental
wristwatches. This makes Linux the only operating system in the world covering such a wide range of
hardware.
About UNIX
UNIX
In order to understand the popularity of Linux, we need to travel back in time, about 30 years ago...
Imagine computers as big as houses, even stadiums. While the sizes of those computers posed substantial
problems, there was one thing that made this even worse: every computer had a different operating system.
Software was always customized to serve a specific purpose, and software for one given system didn't run on
another system. Being able to work with one system didn't automatically mean that you could work with
another. It was difficult, both for the users and the system administrators.
Computers were extremely expensive then, and sacrifices had to be made even after the original purchase just
to get the users to understand how they worked. The total cost per unit of computing power was enormous.
Technologically the world was not quite that advanced, so they had to live with the size for another decade. In
1969, a team of developers in the Bell Labs laboratories started working on a solution for the software
problem, to address these compatibility issues. They developed a new operating system, which was
1. Simple and elegant.
2. Written in the C programming language instead of in assembly code.
3. Able to recycle code.
The Bell Labs developers named their project "UNIX."
The code recycling features were very important. Until then, all commercially available computer systems
were written in a code specifically developed for one system. UNIX on the other hand needed only a small
piece of that special code, which is now commonly named the kernel. This kernel is the only piece of code
that needs to be adapted for every specific system and forms the base of the UNIX system. The operating
system and all other functions were built around this kernel and written in a higher programming language, C.
.jpg)
In order to understand the popularity of Linux, we need to travel back in time, about 30 years ago...
Imagine computers as big as houses, even stadiums. While the sizes of those computers posed substantial
problems, there was one thing that made this even worse: every computer had a different operating system.
Software was always customized to serve a specific purpose, and software for one given system didn't run on
another system. Being able to work with one system didn't automatically mean that you could work with
another. It was difficult, both for the users and the system administrators.
Computers were extremely expensive then, and sacrifices had to be made even after the original purchase just
to get the users to understand how they worked. The total cost per unit of computing power was enormous.
Technologically the world was not quite that advanced, so they had to live with the size for another decade. In
1969, a team of developers in the Bell Labs laboratories started working on a solution for the software
problem, to address these compatibility issues. They developed a new operating system, which was
1. Simple and elegant.
2. Written in the C programming language instead of in assembly code.
3. Able to recycle code.
The Bell Labs developers named their project "UNIX."
The code recycling features were very important. Until then, all commercially available computer systems
were written in a code specifically developed for one system. UNIX on the other hand needed only a small
piece of that special code, which is now commonly named the kernel. This kernel is the only piece of code
that needs to be adapted for every specific system and forms the base of the UNIX system. The operating
system and all other functions were built around this kernel and written in a higher programming language, C.
SEO income
Basic SEO Package
1. Site Analysis & Keyword Research
• Current Search Engine ranking report
• Site content structure and navigation review
• Website analysis (5 page maximum)
• Basic keyword research based on targeted industry and business scope
• Keyword analysis & selection based on effectiveness & competition
2. Website - On page Optimization
• Homepage & internal pages Optimization (5 pages)
• Search engine-friendly HTML & XML Sitemap development
• Implementation of targeted, optimized META tags including title, keyword and
descriptions
• Recommendation for lead/ conversion improvements
• Google Analytics account set up and optimization
Note: This doesn’t include the website development efforts
3. Free Off-page Search Engine Submissions
• Major directory category research and identification
• Manual submissions to 5 free directories
• Submission to major search engines like Google, MSN and Yahoo
4. Social Media Optimization-SMO
• Set up & manage 1 account on Social Bookmarking website. E.g.
Delicious
• Set up 1 account on Feedburner.com and burn the feeds
Hours:- 60 - 65 Hours (depends upon project requirements)
Price: - $950-$1000
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1. Site Analysis & Keyword Research
• Current Search Engine ranking report
• Site content structure and navigation review
• Website analysis (5 page maximum)
• Basic keyword research based on targeted industry and business scope
• Keyword analysis & selection based on effectiveness & competition
2. Website - On page Optimization
• Homepage & internal pages Optimization (5 pages)
• Search engine-friendly HTML & XML Sitemap development
• Implementation of targeted, optimized META tags including title, keyword and
descriptions
• Recommendation for lead/ conversion improvements
• Google Analytics account set up and optimization
Note: This doesn’t include the website development efforts
3. Free Off-page Search Engine Submissions
• Major directory category research and identification
• Manual submissions to 5 free directories
• Submission to major search engines like Google, MSN and Yahoo
4. Social Media Optimization-SMO
• Set up & manage 1 account on Social Bookmarking website. E.g.
Delicious
• Set up 1 account on Feedburner.com and burn the feeds
Hours:- 60 - 65 Hours (depends upon project requirements)
Price: - $950-$1000
Embedded system
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps
additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example
is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are
used every day, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the
preparation of their lunch or dinner.
This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is comprised of
computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for example).
However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function. Rather, it is able
to do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer to make
this distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the
manufacturer does not know what the customer will do with it. One customer may use it for a
network file server, another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it
to write the next great American novel.
Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For example, modern cars and
trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system controls the anti-lock brakes, another monitors
and controls the vehicle's emissions, and a third displays information on the dashboard. In some cases, these
embedded systems are connected by some sort of a communications network, but that is certainly not a
requirement.
At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose computer is itself made
up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer consists of a keyboard, mouse, video card,
Programming Embedded Systems in C and C++
modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of which is an embedded system. Each of these devices
contains a processor and software and is designed to perform a specific function. For example, the modem is
designed to send and receive digital data over an analog telephone line. That's it. And all of the other devices can
be summarized in a single sentence as well.
If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software could be completely
unnoticed by a user of the device. Such is the case for a microwave oven, VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it
would even be possible to build an equivalent device that does not contain the processor and software. This
could be done by replacing the combination with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in
hardware. However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-coded in this way. It is much easier, and
cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom hardware.
.jpg)
additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example
is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are
used every day, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the
preparation of their lunch or dinner.
This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is comprised of
computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for example).
However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function. Rather, it is able
to do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer to make
this distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the
manufacturer does not know what the customer will do with it. One customer may use it for a
network file server, another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it
to write the next great American novel.
Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For example, modern cars and
trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system controls the anti-lock brakes, another monitors
and controls the vehicle's emissions, and a third displays information on the dashboard. In some cases, these
embedded systems are connected by some sort of a communications network, but that is certainly not a
requirement.
At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose computer is itself made
up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer consists of a keyboard, mouse, video card,
Programming Embedded Systems in C and C++
modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of which is an embedded system. Each of these devices
contains a processor and software and is designed to perform a specific function. For example, the modem is
designed to send and receive digital data over an analog telephone line. That's it. And all of the other devices can
be summarized in a single sentence as well.
If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software could be completely
unnoticed by a user of the device. Such is the case for a microwave oven, VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it
would even be possible to build an equivalent device that does not contain the processor and software. This
could be done by replacing the combination with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in
hardware. However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-coded in this way. It is much easier, and
cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom hardware.
About Windows Azure
Windows Azure is an OS for the data center
Model: Treat the data center as a machine
Handles resource management, provisioning, and monitoring
Manages application lifecycle
Allows developers to concentrate on business logic
Provides shared pool of compute, disk and network
Virtualized storage, compute and network
Illusion of boundless resources
Provides common building blocks for distributed applications
Reliable queuing, simple structured storage, SQL storage
Application services like access control and connectivity
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Model: Treat the data center as a machine
Handles resource management, provisioning, and monitoring
Manages application lifecycle
Allows developers to concentrate on business logic
Provides shared pool of compute, disk and network
Virtualized storage, compute and network
Illusion of boundless resources
Provides common building blocks for distributed applications
Reliable queuing, simple structured storage, SQL storage
Application services like access control and connectivity
History of c++
All the major concepts were developed in the 1960s as part of a language called Simula
Alan Kay and his group developed a programming language named Smalltalk in the 1970s
Bjarne Stroustrup developed an extension to the C language that eventually evolved to the language C++
Explosion of the research in object-oriented programming techniques began
In the first major conference on object-oriented programming, in 1986, there were dozens of languages
These included Eiffel, Objective-C, Actor, Object Pascal, and various Lisp dialects
Object-oriented programming became mainstream
.jpg)
Alan Kay and his group developed a programming language named Smalltalk in the 1970s
Bjarne Stroustrup developed an extension to the C language that eventually evolved to the language C++
Explosion of the research in object-oriented programming techniques began
In the first major conference on object-oriented programming, in 1986, there were dozens of languages
These included Eiffel, Objective-C, Actor, Object Pascal, and various Lisp dialects
Object-oriented programming became mainstream
About JAVA
In 1991, a group of Sun Microsystems engineers led by James Gosling decided to
develop a language for consumer devices (cable boxes, etc.). They wanted the
language to be small and use efficient code since these devices do not have
powerful CPUs. They also wanted the language to be hardware independent since
different manufacturers would use different CPUs. The project was code-named
Green.
These conditions led them to decide to compile the code to an intermediate
machine-like code for an imaginary CPU called a virtual machine. (Actually, there
is a real CPU that implements this virtual CPU now.) This intermediate code
(called bytecode) is completely hardware independent. Programs are run by an
interpreter that converts the bytecode to the appropriate native machine code.
Thus, once the interpreter has been ported to a computer, it can run any
bytecoded program.
.jpg)
develop a language for consumer devices (cable boxes, etc.). They wanted the
language to be small and use efficient code since these devices do not have
powerful CPUs. They also wanted the language to be hardware independent since
different manufacturers would use different CPUs. The project was code-named
Green.
These conditions led them to decide to compile the code to an intermediate
machine-like code for an imaginary CPU called a virtual machine. (Actually, there
is a real CPU that implements this virtual CPU now.) This intermediate code
(called bytecode) is completely hardware independent. Programs are run by an
interpreter that converts the bytecode to the appropriate native machine code.
Thus, once the interpreter has been ported to a computer, it can run any
bytecoded program.
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